Sodium is usually the first ion to break through a depleted cation exchanger.
2.
PNNs, with their strongly negative charge, may serve as cation exchangers preventing the free diffusion of potassium or sodium ions.
3.
Ion exchangers are either "'cation exchangers "'that exchange positively amphoteric exchangers "'that are able to exchange both cations and anions simultaneously.
4.
Examples of functional groups of Weak ion exchange resins include diethylaminoethyl ( DEAE ), which is an anion exchanger, and carboxymethyl ( CM ), which is a cation exchanger.
5.
Available forms include anion and cation exchangers, as well as gel filtration resins, with varying degrees of porosity; bead sizes fall in discrete ranges between 20 and 300 �m.
6.
This is usually achieved by ion-exchange chromatography, with the standard process using a cation exchanger such as Dowex 50 or T EVA eluted with a solution of ammonium ?-hydroxyisobutyrate.
7.
Examples of functional groups of strong ion exchange resins are quaternary ammonium ( Q ), which is an anion exchanger, and sulfonic acid ( S ), which is a cation exchanger.
8.
When the stationary phase features positive groups which attracts anions, it is called an anion exchanger; when there are negative groups on the stationary phase, cations are attracted and it is a cation exchanger.
9.
After the cation exchanger, the sample pH value is generally between 5.5-6, so that means almost only CO2 is present as gas, and only about 6 % is carbon carbonate ion HCO3 -.
10.
The discovery of proton pumps in the CV membrane and the direct measurement of ion concentrations inside the CV using microelectrodes led to the following model : the pumping of protons either into or out of the CV causes different ions to enter the CV . For example, some proton pumps work as cation exchangers, whereby a proton is pumped out of the CV and a cation is pumped at the same time into the CV . In other cases, protons pumped into the CV drag anions with them ( carbonate, for example ), to balance the pH . This ion flux into the CV causes an increase in CV osmolarity and as a result water enters the CV by osmosis.
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